Pagkatapos ng maikling pagtatanghal ng mga kumbensyonal na disenyo ng pagtatanim, sinusuri namin ang isang bagong grupong disenyo ng taniman ng niyog (G3PH). Dumating kami sa konklusyon na ang iminungkahing density ng pagtatanim ay labis na labis. pagkatapos ay nag-aalok kami ng iba't ibang mga makabagong solusyon. Ang ilan ay binubuo lamang ng paghihiwalay ng mga grupo ng mga niyog upang maabot ang mas angkop na densidad ng pagtatanim. Ang iba naman ay nagsasaliksik ng iba't ibang kaayusan sa pagtatanim sa mga grupo ng tatlo o apat na niyog (G4K1, G3K1), na may progresibong pag-aalis ng hindi gaanong produktibong mga niyog upang mapataas ang genetic na halaga at ang produktibidad ng plantasyon. Sa wakas, tinutukoy namin ang mga sitwasyon kung saan ang mga sistema ng pagtatanim ng pangkat na ito ay pinakaangkop, at ang mga pagtaas sa ani o katatagan na maaaring asahan.
After a brief presentation of conventional planting devices, we analyze a new group coconut plantation design (G3PH). We come to the conclusion that the planting density proposed so far is excessive. we then proposes various innovative solutions. Some consist only of separating groups of coconut palms in order to reach more appropriate planting densities. Others then explore various planting arrangements in groups of three or four coconut palms (G4K1, G3K1), with the progressive elimination of the least productive coconut palms to increase the genetic value and the productivity of the plantation. Finally, we specifies the situations in which these group planting systems are most appropriate, and the increases in yield or resilience that can be expected.
For illustrating this section, we can produce on request at least one large size HD poster (up to 180x100 cm in size). Such poster should be adapted to each country, on a case-by-case basis.
©R. Bourdeix, 2021, section CACE.
1.Conventional planting systems
In large plantations, there is an advantage in providing continuous picking of the entire plantation, which requires the provision of roads and tracks with widths corresponding to the spacing of lines of coconut trees. Possible options are as follows:
- Square system – Palms are set at fixed equal distance at the corner of each square, the distance between palms in each row and the distance between adjacent rows being the same.
- Triangular system – Palms are set at fixed distance at the corners of an equilateral triangle. About 15% more palms can be accommodated per unit area under this system, and this is the most common method presently used for both coconut and oil palm.
- Rectangular system – Rows are set at right angles to one another but the distance between the palms in the row is closer than those between the rows. This system provides for a slightly lower number of palms in a stand but allows for more room for growing intercrops.
- Plantation along geographical contour lines in slopes submitted to erosion.
- Quincunx system – This system is used for replanting old coconut plantations where the old palms will be removed as soon as the new seedlings are established. Seedlings are planted in the center of each square of old palms.
- As shown in the drawing hereunder, they are more planting designs, generally used for intercropping.
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| In 2018, we were surprised to observe this planting design in the Dominican Republic. It was planted long before the related video and papers are published, which shows that imaginative and enterprising farmers can have the same great ideas! |
3. Improvement of the G3PH model proposed by Louise Adams
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| Représentation d'un hectare de plantation G3PH avec un espacement de 14.3 m entre les groupes d'arbres |
3. Towards new planting designs: G4K1? G3K1?
The first concept came up when studying the methods for selecting parent palms in Tall-type populations. It appears that most of the methods used in the Pacific region for selecting parent palms are only conservative, meaning that the progeny has the same genetic value than the parent palms. With Vijendra Kumar from Fiji, we proposed a better method for selecting parent palms. This method, based on fruit analysis, allows a genetic progress of 5 to 10% on the progeny. Even if this better method is applied, the genetic progress will so remain quite limited. But: If the efficiency of selection on parent palms remain limited, when the palms are planted and start to produce, it is much more easy to see which ones are the good producers and which one are the bad producers. So the first concept was to plant about 33% more coconut palms than initially planted (plant 4 instead of 3), and to kill 25 % of the worst palms during the first years of production (From 4 kill 1). By this way, the farmer will avoid the burden of keeping in her/his farm the less productive coconut palms and for 50 years. When the farmer will reproduce its coconut palms, the worst palms will be excluded from pollination, giving a better progeny for future plantations.
The second concept is G3PH, "Group of three palms per hill" as described up. in G3PH, palms are planted three by three in a triangle design, at a 2 m distance, and each triangle is located at a 10 m distance from the next triangle by in a global square design.
Merging the two concepts suggests a new technique: to plant groups of 4 palms, at each corner in a square design sized 1.8 m. The centre of each 4-palms square is located at a 10 m distance from the centre of next 4-palms square in a global square design. The palms are planted and carefully observed by the farmers. Then, after 4 to 7 years of planting, farmers make decision and kill one palm (the less productive) in each of the square groups of 4 palms. Coconut hearts and leaves of the killed palms can be used by the farmer or sold..
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