New publication! Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region

The publication of this manual is part of the CIDP project (

Coconut Industry Development for the Pacific), a EUR 4 million joint initiative of Pacific Community (SPC), European Union (EU), and African Caribbean States (ACP). The aim of CIDP was to bolster the coconut sector in the region through improving the competitiveness of small producers, strengthening regional integration and the intensification of production.

The scientific edition of the manual was directed by Dr. R. Bourdeix, assisted by Drs. J.M. Sourisseau and J. Lin. A total of 52 contributors from 26 countries and territories contributed to the writing of this handbook. In the Pacific region, these countries include Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii, Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu; and outside the Pacific: Belgium, China, Ivory Coast, France, Germany, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.

Click here to download the full text of the manual (PDF)

Making off of the manual as of 2018.

Each line connects two contributors who have worked together on at least one chapter. The writing of the manual therefore generated more than a hundred international cooperations between authors. Note that the number of authors has been slightly modified between 2018 and 2021.

In late 2021, I asked to my Master and Friend, the late Mr Uron Neil Salum to write the preface of our "Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region". Click on the picture to read it. We were pressed for publication deadlines, and Uron was very kind and efficient in responding quickly. I believe that this text is one of the last, if not the last, wrote by him in an international scientific document. Uron develloped in this preface three main ideas, that can be seen as a part of his heritage:

1. The major risk is not to find efficient planting material.
2. Planters could learn how to produce hybrids and other types of improved varieties in their own plantations.
3. There is still room for the creation of one or more coconut Ecomuseums...

References of the Manual

Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J. (Eds.). (2021). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region. Land Resources Division, SPC.

References of the 53 authored sections of the Manual

This list is for people to cite the sections and for contributors to add their contribution to their list of published articles and to their CV.

Aratchige, N. S., Fernando, L. C. P., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). Mites (Aceria guerreronis). In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 49-51). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Davis, R., Pilet, F., Gruber, M. A. M., Woruba, S. B., & McKenzie, T. (2021). Phytoplasma diseases. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 38-41). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Ghanem, M., Ranasinghe, C. S., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). Temperature and other climate hazards. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 30-32). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Gruber, M. A. M., Bourdeix, R., McKenzie, T., & Woruba, S. B. (2021). Risks linked to pests and diseases. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 34-37). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Gruber, M. A. M., Bourdeix, R., McKenzie, T., Tautua, R., & Aratchige, N. S. (2021). Oryctes rhinoceros beetle. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 45-48). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Hazelman, S., Bourdeix, R., & Tuivavalagi, N. (2021). Organic fertilizers. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 87-89). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Hazelman, S., Kumar, M., Tamasese, E., & Mapusua, K. (2021). Cost of organic and fair trade certification. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 140-143). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Johnson, V., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). International transmission of pests and diseases. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 59-61). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., & Hussein, N. (2021). Finance and insurance for coconut business. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 134-136). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., & Myazoe, R. K. (2021). A brief overview of value chains and stakeholders. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 2-4). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., & Pirmansah, A. (2021). Purchasing price of coconut products. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 130-133). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., & Pirmansah, A. (2021). Regulation on the quality of coconut products. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 97-100). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., Alasia, J. P., & Helsen, J. (2021). Risks linked to organizational and policy issues. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 92-93). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., Bourdeix, R., & Alasia, J. P. (2021). Investment in coconut research and replanting. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 94-96). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Lin, J., Hussein, N., & Tanawai, N. (2021). Risks linked to economics and marketing. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 128-129). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Nongkas, A., Amiot, S., Goirand, R., & Nguna, P. (2021). Aflatoxins, bacteria and chemicals. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 120-123). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Poihega, J., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). Manpower in coconut agriculture and factories. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 90-91). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Sourisseau, J. M., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). About the notions of risk and risk analysis. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 5-7). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Sourisseau, J. M., Bennett, K., Tamasese, E., Bororoa, I., & Hussein, N. (2021). Farmer’s organizations. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 104-107). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Sourisseau, J. M., Tautua, R., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). Adoption of agricultural innovations. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 159-161). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Tuivavalagi, N., Lin, J., & Bourdeix, R. (2021). Making decisions with little information. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 112-115). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Tuivavalagi, N., Mataora, V., & Viliami, K. (2021). Flooding, king tides and landslides. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 27-29). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Beyer, R. (2021). Risks linked to post-harvest and processing. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 116-117). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Bororoa, I. (2021). Trading accessibility in remote farms or islands. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 144-145). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Boulekouran, S. (2021). Pests and diseases in nurseries. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 56-58). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Hazelman, S. (2021). Certified organic planting material. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 74-75). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Kumar, V. (2021). Farming techniques. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 79-80). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Lin, J. (2021). Palatability and practicality of coconut products. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 124-127). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Ollivier, J. (2021). Risks linked to agricultural practices. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 76-78). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Sourisseau, J. M. (2021). Results of the online survey. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 165-171). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Sourisseau, J. M. (2021). Risks linked to and impacting cultural habits. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 148-149). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., & Tanawai, N. (2021). Supply of coconut to factories. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 146-147). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Auroyé, A., & Pirmansah, A. (2021). Consumer interest in coconut products . In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 162-164). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Bennett, K., & Goirand, R., & Vave, U. (2021). Harvest and post-harvest handling. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 118-119). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., De Almeida, O. D. C. M., & Woruba, S.B. (2021). Reliable information about farming and technology. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 154-155). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Ghanem, M., Vave, U. (2021). Risks linked to climate change and hazards. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 16-19). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Haikuo, F., & Cook, M. (2021). Traditional varieties. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 70-73). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Johnson, V., Kumar, V., & Heimuli, L. (2021). Efficient and diversified planting material. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 64-66). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Koelau, D. F., & Nongkas, A. (2021). Replanting projects and relevant beneficiaries. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 101-103). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Kumar, V., & Perera, L. (2021). Risks linked to planting material. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 62-63). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Kumar, V., Mataora, V., Remudu, U., & Konan Konan, J. L. (2021). Methods for selecting parent palms. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 67-69). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., McKenzie, T., Gruber, M. A. M., Boulekouran, S. (2021). Viral diseases. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 42-44). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., McKenzie, T., Gruber, M. A. M., Smus, O., & Ratu, S. (2021). Other pests (large animals). In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 52-55). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Myazoe, R. K., & Lin, J. (2021). Dietary habits in the Pacific region. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 156-158). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Ollivier, J. (2021). Cover cropping and availability of seeds and cuttings. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 84-86). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Perera, L., & Konan Konan, J. L. (2021). The profitable business of aromatic coconut water. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 137-139). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Ratu, S., & Visintainer, P. (2021). Traditional agricultural knowledge and practices. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 81-83). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Sileye, T., Remudu, U., & Smus, O. (2021). Cyclones, tropical storms and tsunamis. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 20-22). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., Hussein, N., & Lin, J. (2021). Methodology used for building the risk analysis. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 8-11). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Tamasese, E., & Tuivavalagi, N. (2021). Context of coconut agriculture in the Pacific region. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 1-2). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Tuivavalagi, N., & Sourisseau, J. M. (2021). Shift to other crops or other forms of land use. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 108-111). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Tuivavalagi, N., Cook, M., & Ghanem, M. (2021). Drought. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 23-26). Land Resources Division, SPC.

Bourdeix, R., Tuivavalagi, N.and Hussein, N. (2021). Stakeholders’ beliefs about coconut. In Bourdeix, R., Sourisseau, J. M., & Lin, J., J. (Eds.). Coconut Risk Management and Mitigation Manual for the Pacific Region (pp 150-153). Land Resources Division, SPC.